- OEM / SystemsOEM Systems | Precision Components | Automation Sub-SystemsPI offers 1000’s of proven, off-the-shelf precision motion products that can be quickly modified for the OEM or into a custom automation sub-system.
- Meeting the Demands of OEMsOEM Systems | Precision Components | Automation Sub-SystemsPI has a long track record of working with OEMs in the most demanding industries from Semiconductor Technology to Medical Design – industries where product performance, quality, and the ability to ramp up quickly are not the only parameters required to satisfy the customer's demands. Working with technology leaders all around the world forces you to continuously improve your yield, process, and product performance. And unless your quality is outstanding, you cannot become a key supplier to major US, European, and Japanese companies in the Optics, Photonics, Semiconductor, and Automotive industry.
- Engineered Motion / Automation Sub-SystemsPrecision Automation Solutions | Engineered SystemsPI is a supplier of high-end precision motion systems and makes use of own drive components and high-precision positioners to build customized positioning and automation sub-systems —“motion engines”—for our customers. With the largest portfolio of precision motion technologies in the industry, PI engineers have the best foundation to find a solution that matches your requirements in terms of precision, quality and budget – in a timeframe that works for you.
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- ProductsPrecision Motion Technologies | Positioning SystemsOverview of the Broadest & Deepest Portfolio of Precision Motion and Automation Technologies from Piezo to Air Bearings and Linear Motors
- Products: Overview, New, Finder, ShopFind Precision Positioning Solutions Quickly - Product Finder | PI USAWith thousands of standard products and customization available, PI has the motion control positioning product solution for your application.
- Products OverviewProducts OverviewOverview of the Broadest & Deepest Portfolio of Precision Motion and Automation Technologies from Piezo to Air Bearings and Linear Motors
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- Product FinderUse the PI Product Finder - it's fast and easy!Select the product type specified by the axes of motion required. Selection of more criteria expands or shortens the list of results. Select more than one filter at at time, for example, to find positioning stages designed for higher load capacity, too.
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- Air Bearings & Ultra High Precision StagesAir Bearing Stages | Motorized | Linear | RotaryAir bearings provide advantages over mechanical bearings when vibration-free motion is required, highly constant velocity control is crucial, and when angular repeatability and geometric performance must be optimal. Air bearing stages (linear, rotary, and spherical) replace mechanical contact by a thin air film, avoiding wear, friction, vibration, and hysteresis effects.
- Miniature Positioning StagesMiniature Positioning Stages | Supplier | ManufacturerCompact positioning stages are crucial for the miniaturization process in cutting-edge research and industrial applications, for test & measurement, optical and opto-mechanical alignment, and component assembly. PI provides the largest portfolio of miniature stages, including high-speed linear motor stages, economical stepper motor units, and ultra-compact piezo motor positioners.
- Motorized Stages: Linear, Rotary, XYMotorized Stages | Positioning | ManufacturerPI offers the broadest and deepest range of precision motion technologies for micro and nano precision applications. Our engineers work with our customers to find the best drive and bearing technology for each individual application. Having access to multiple drive and positioning technologies allows an open discussion with a better outcome for the customer.
- Overview - Motorized Linear/Rotary StagesOverview - Motorized Linear/Rotary Stages
- Linear StagesLinear Stages - Precision Positioning Solutions | PI USASeveral types of motorized precision linear translation stages | PI USA
- Fast Linear Motor Stages and ActuatorsOverview: Linear Stage, Linear Motor Driven, Fast Brushless Motor Positioning Stages | PI USABrushless linear motor-driven stages provide high speed, precision and long life.
- Z-Stages (Vertical Motion)Vertical Linear Stages – Precision Motorized Z-Positioners | PI USA
- XY StagesXY Stages – 2-Axis Motorized Precision Positioning Stages | PI USASeveral types of planar XY stages: Direct-driven stages, ball-screw stages and air bearing planar XY stages
- XYZ StagesXYZ Stage - Multi-Axis Precision Motorized Stages
- Rotary Stages / GoniometersPrecision Rotation Stage, High Resolution Rotary Positioners, Rotation Tables, Goniometers, by PI USASeveral types of motorized rotation stages: Direct-driven stages, ball-bearing stages and air bearing stages
- Heavy Duty Stages / Industrial AutomationHigh Speed / Performance Positioning Stages for Automation - Linear Stages | Rotary Stages | PI USAHigh performance motorized stages, designed for heavy duty applications in industrial precison automation.
- Sub-Systems for AutomationSYS > Engineered Motion/Automation Sub-SystemsThe PI group employs over 1,200 people in 15 countries and runs engineering and manufacturing centers on 3 continents. Select from the broadest portfolio of precision motion technologies, including piezoelectric and air bearing systems, with 1,000’s of standard products or have our engineers provide you with a custom solution.
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- Linear ActuatorsActuators | Precision | Linear | Actuator SystemA precision linear actuator is a positioning device that provides motion in 1 degree of freedom. PI designs and manufactures a variety of precision linear actuators (pushers) including economical stepper-motor driven actuators, high-speed linear motor types for automation and nanometer precise piezo-motor actuators.
- Gantries / Cartesian RobotsGantry Stages | Gantries | Cartesian RobotA gantry precision positioning stage is sometimes called a linear robot or Cartesian robot. Gantries typically provide motion in 2 or 3 linear degrees of freedom (X-Y and X-Y-Z) and are often used for pick and place applications, 3D printing or laser machining, and welding applications.
- 6-Axis Hexapods / Parallel PositionersHexapod Positioner | Six DOF | Stewart PlatformsHexapod positioners are often referred to as Stewart Platforms. A hexapod is based on a 6-axis (XYZ, Pitch, Roll, Yaw) actuator system arranged in parallel between a top and bottom platform. PI parallel kinematics (PKM) precision positioning systems have many advantages over serial kinematics stages, such as lower inertia, improved dynamics, smaller package size and higher stiffness. In addition hexapods are more flexible than conventional 6 axis positioners.
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- Control of Hexapod / Stewart Platforms: Hexapod Motion Controllers & Simulation Software6DOF Motion Platforms | Hexapod Controllers & Simulation Software | Stewart Platform | ManufacturerControllers, software and accessories for Hexapod Stewart platforms and parallel kinematic motion systems | PI USA
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- Piezo Flexure Nanopositioning StagesNanometer Precision: Piezo Stages for Nanopositioning, Piezo Nanopositioners, Piezo Flexure Scanning Stages | PI USAPI offers the broadest and deepest portfolio of nanometer precision motion technologies, from piezo-driven nanopositioning and scanning stages to motorized 6-axis hexapod positioning systems.
- Overview - Piezo Flexure StagesOverview - Piezo Flexure Stages
- Linear Piezo Flexure StagesLinear Piezo Stages for Nanopositioning – Flexure-Guided Precision NanoPositioners | PI USALargest selection of frictionless, high performance piezo-stack-driven flexure linear nanopositioning stages | PI USA
- Vertical & Tip/Tilt Piezo StagesPiezo Z-Stage, Piezo Z-Tip-Tilt Platform. Flexure Guided Nanopositioning Stages| PI USALarge selection of Piezo Z-Stages and Tip/Tilt scanners with nanometer precision | PI USA
- Fast Steering Mirrors & Tip/Tilt PlatformsPiezo Steering Mirrors | Active Optics
- Nanofocus Lens ScannersFast Piezo Focus Lens Positioners and Scanners – Piezo Flexure Guided Precision Positioners | PI USALargest Selection of Nano-Focus drives for microscope lenses – flexure-guided precision positioners
- XY Piezo Flexure StagesPiezo Stages | XY | Nanopositioning StagesLargest selection of integrated XY piezo flexure stages with nanometer precision.
- XYZ Piezo Flexure StagesXYZ Piezo Nanopositioning Stages – Flexure Guided 3-Axis Precision Positioners | PI USALargest selection of integrated XYZ piezo flexure stages with nanometer precision.
- 6-Axis Piezo Flexure Stages6-Axis Piezo Nanopositioning Stages – Flexure Guided Precision Positioners | PI USAPiezo-driven fast steering mirrors (FSM) achieve nanoradian resolution and high bandwidth.
- Tutorial - Piezo NanopositioningNanometer Precision: Nanopositioning Basics Tutorial. Piezo Nanopositioners, Scanning Stages, Flexure Guided Positioners | PI USAThere are several ways to achieve nanometer precision motion. The best positioning systems avoid friction all together, in both the drive system (motor) and in the guiding system (bearings). Frictionless bearings also avoid the bearing rumble caused by balls and rollers and provide vibration-free motion with highly constant velocity.
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- Piezo Motors: Stages & ActuatorsPiezo Motors | Linear Motor Positioners | ManufacturerPiezo Motors are intrinsically vacuum compatible, non-magnetic and self locking at rest, providing long travel compared to traditional piezo mechanisms. The individual drive concepts are optimized for different applications, they differ in their design, size, cost, force & speed and other performance parameters.
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- Actuators with Piezo MotorsCompact precision linear actuators stages with several types of piezo motor drives – ultrasonic, stick-slip, piezo-walk, piezo-ratchet. | PI USA
- Linear Stages with Piezo MotorsPrecision linear stages with several types of piezo motor drives – ultrasonic, stick-slip, piezo-walk, piezo-ratchet. | PI USA
- XY Stages with Piezo MotorsXY piezo motor linear stages with several types of precision piezo motor drives – ultrasonic, stick-slip, piezo-walk | PI USA
- XY Piezo Flexure StagesXY Piezo Flexure StagesHigh-precision 2-axis nanopositioning systems integrate PICMA® piezo actuators for maximum reliability. Repeatable, drift-free positioning with optimal stability is possible by the use of high-quality nanometrology sensors.
- Rotary Stages with Piezo MotorsRotary piezo motor stages with several types of precision piezo motors– ultrasonic, stick-slip (inertia), | PI USA
- Tutorial - Piezo Motion ControlWhy All Piezo Motors are NOT Created Equal: The piezoelectric effect for precision motion control - PI Physik Instrumente.The demand for higher speed and/or precision in fields such as bio-nanotechnology, semiconductors, metrology, data comm, and photonics keep pushing manufacturers to come up with innovative drive technologies.
- Overview - Piezo Motors (Stages/Actuators)
- Piezo Transducers & ActuatorsPiezo Actuator | Piezo Transducer | ManufacturerPiezoelectric translators (transducers) are precision ceramic actuators which convert electrical energy directly into linear motion with high speed, force and virtually unlimited resolution. These actuators are used in every modern high tech field from semiconductor test & inspection to super-resolution microscopy, bio-nanotechnology and astronomy/aerospace technology.
- Piezo Actuators & Transducers: Stacks, Chips, Benders, Tubes, Spheres, Shear…Piezo Actuators & Transducers: Stacks, Chips, Benders, Tubes, Spheres, Shear…
- Value-Added Piezo Transducers & Piezo AssembliesValue Added Piezo Assemblies: Transducers, Actuators, Sensors, Manufactured by PI CeramicDeveloping and manufacturing piezo ceramic materials and components are complex processes. PI Ceramic - PI’s piezo material design and manufacturing facility - boasts several decades of experience as well as the right tools for rapid prototyping of custom engineered piezo components and assemblies. From the formulation of advanced piezo materials to the processing steps such as cutting, milling, grinding, and the precision assembly, every stage is controlled by our engineers and product specialists.
- Piezo Ceramic ComponentsPiezo Ceramic Components
- Piezo Actuators & Transducers: Stacks, Chips, Benders, Tubes, Spheres, Shear…
- Microscopy, Bio-Imaging, Life SciencesHigh Precision Microscope Stages, Piezo Lens Scanners, Tools for Bio-Imaging | PI-USAPiezo nano-positioning stages are essential tools for high-resolution microscopy, such as Super Resolution Microscopy or AFM. Their sub-atomic resolution and extremely fast response allow researchers to create higher-quality images faster. PI provides a large variety of fast Z-Stages and collar piezo objective positioners for 3D imaging (Z-stack acquisition), deconvolution, and fast focusing applications.
- Stages for Microscopy & Bio-ImagingStages for Microscopy & Bio-Imaging
- Applications: Life Sciences / MedicalPrecision motion control for medical engineering and life sciences applications | PI USA
- Stages for Microscopy & Bio-Imaging
- Photonics Alignment SolutionsActive Photonics Alignment | Optics Alignment | SolutionsPI provides a variety of innovative fiber alignment systems from motorized fiber positioners to automated optic and photonic alignment such as used in telecommunication, data commumication and for packaging / automation. In addition to fiber-based applications, fast steering systems for free-space-optical communication are also available. Products range from motorized 6D micromotion alignment systems for industrial photonics automation, through ultra-fast piezoelectric scanning & alignment modules to modular devices with manual control for laboratory test setups. All motorized systems come with extensive software for easy setup and integration.
- Vacuum Positioning Stages & ActuatorsVacuum / UHV Compatible Stages - Linear & Rotary Positioners for Vacuum, Wide Temperature Ranges | PI USAPI miCos has extensive experience in the design and manufacturing of vacuum and high vacuum compatible precision optomechanical positioning equipment for low temperature and wide temperature ranges. We provide translation stages, vertical linear stages, rotation stages, XY stages and complex multi-axis positioning systems in vacuum spec.
- VacuumProduct Series with Vacuum-Ready ItemsPI offers specific catalogue items for selected product series that are already suitable for high vacuum (HV) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV).
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- Controllers, Drivers, Motion SoftwareMotion Controllers, Piezo Drivers-High Voltage Amplifiers, and Motion Software Overview | PI USA
- Overview - Controllers & Motion SoftwareOverview - Controllers & Motion Software
- Piezo Controller, Driver, Nanopositioning Controller, High-Voltage Amplifier, Piezo Power Supply by PI USAPiezo Drivers | Piezo Motion Controllers | ManufacturerA piezo controller or driver is used to control the motion of a piezo positioning device. There are open and closed loop controllers. Open-loop controllers are often referred to as piezo driver or even piezo power supply. Closed-loop controllers are divided in two basic types: analog-servo and digital servo controllers.
- Controllers/Drivers for Motorized StagesMotion Controller | Drivers | Positioning SystemsPI provides a large variety of hardware & software solutions for high precision motion control. Our portfolio spans from integrated compact single axis servo controllers / drivers, such as popular Mercury-class motion controllers, to complex multi-axis systems for parallel-kinematics positioners, such as hexapods.
- ACS Motion ControlACS Motion Control for Industrial AutomationWe recommend the controllers of our partner, ACS Motion Control especially for automation with industrial standards. Ask us about your integrated solution!
- Software - Motion Control SoftwareMotion Control Software | Software Tools | Positioning SolutionsFor LabView, C++, VB, Matlab, Image Acquisitiong Packages, NI DAC Cards, ..... PI provides high-level, robust, easy-to-use software tools for fast, seamless integration of motion systems into application control software.
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- Capacitive SensorsNanometer Resolution: Capacitance Sensors for Nano-Measuring, Nano-Metrology | PIA capacitive sensor is a proximity sensor that detects nearby objects by their effect on the electrical field created by the sensor.
- Accessories: Plates, Brackets, CablesAdapters and Cables for PI Precision Motion ComponentsStandardization is common with adapter plates and brackets, but we can create a custom accessory to fit your application system. PI products ship with the required cables. Customization is always an option.
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- Tech BlogPI Blog / Tech Articles on Advancements in Precision Motion Control, Automation and Piezo Technology | PI USAPI’s tech blog offers 50 years of insight into innovative applications of precision motion control, nanopositioning, and micropositioning in industry, science, and research. We hope the PI blog is an enjoyable and informative resource, and a starting-point for innovation across disciplines.
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1. High Dynamics Custom Motors
Instrumentation equipment and precision automation systems manufacturers rely on motion components in applications from optical scanning to micro-mechanical assembly. PI supports these applications with a large variety of standard and custom motion and positioning solutions. A combination of in-house-developed and off-the-shelf mechanical and electronic components, including actuators, guiding systems, position sensors, and motion controllers, allows for great flexibility and performance at reasonable cost.
While gearbox / screw-driven positioning elements provide advantages for vertical and high force applications, direct drive electrodynamic motors are higher speed, zero-wear, and friction-free transmission devices that are preferable in positioning and scanning systems that require high dynamics & repeatability along with reliability over millions of cycles.
In addition to designing piezo-ceramic direct drive linear and rotary motors, engineers at PI have a long history of developing custom motion systems with electrodynamic motors, especially for high-precision and/or high-dynamics applications. The main goal is to achieve specific performance targets that cannot be reached by off-the-shelf products sourced from the market. Here’s a link to a paper dating back to 2000, describing a novel momentum compensated high-speed voice coil linear scanner; other examples include multi-axis Maglev systems, high-speed hexapods, and compact voice coil motors with force and position control.
This blog explains the functional principle and properties of voice coil, 3-phase linear, and torque motors, and provides examples on how performance characteristics of the various motor types can be adapted to the specific requirements of the positioning solution through an individual design, e.g., to achieve a high force density or a compact design.
2. Electro-Magnetic Direct Drives – How do they Work?
Direct drives offer advantages, especially in regard to wear and dynamics, compared to common motor/screw-drive technologies. The reduction of mechanical components, along with the elimination of friction and backlash, result in higher precision and longer service-life. Voice coil, 3-phase linear, and torque motors fall in the class of electrodynamic motors, but differ in their operating principle.
2.1. Voice Coil Motors
Voice coil motors (their name derives from applications in loudspeakers) use the Lorentz force in which the force generated is proportional to the magnetic field strength and to the current of the current-carrying conductors. The generated force acts bi-directionally, depending on the direction of the current.
Cylindrical voice coils are constructed according to the plunger coil principle, i.e., the winding body sits in a field assembly as indicated in Fig. 1. Either the winding body (“moving coil”) or the pot (“moving magnet”) move when energized. Hollow shaft voice coils can be used as a feedthrough and easily integrated in a linear guiding system.
Voice coil motors are mostly used for travel ranges of 1 inch and below when precise scanning motion with high dynamics and relatively high forces is required. For example, the V-522, V-524, and V-528 linear stage series (as shown in Figure 3) are based on voice coil motors from PI.
Simulation tools allow customization and optimization for voice coil motors for different parameters, such as force and motor constant. The motor constant denotes the ratio of force to power loss, or the efficiency of the motor in regard to converting electrical into kinetic energy. The higher the motor constant, the less heat is produced when a certain force is generated. The motor constant is temperature-dependent; with a rise in temperature comes a rise in the winding resistance leading to increased power loss.
PI has developed cylindrical motors, as shown in Figure 4, to maximize the motor constant.
They are characterized by a maximized ratio of motor constant to installation space and can be manufactured in various sizes. Cylindrical motors can be used in fast focusing applications, for moving a measuring head in a metrology system vertically. In combination with a flexure guiding system, especially compact units can be built.
Table 1 shows the performance characteristics of three examples in different sizes.
Figure 5 shows the force displacement dependency. The variation is due to the variable distance between the coils move in relation to the permanent magnets along the travel range. This can be seen in Figure 5.
In order to improve the force / rise time relationship, the voltage can be increased as shown in Figure 6. With higher voltage, the current and force can rise faster leading to better acceleration (jerk) and dynamics.
2.2. 3-Phase Linear Motors
A classical 3-phase linear motor is basically a series of at least three (or a multiple of three) voice coil motors which are controlled, i.e. commutated, according to a position-dependent, fixed pattern. A motor consisting of three coils in a U-shaped magnetic track is illustrated in Figure 7.
Custom encapsulated linear motors for vacuum applications are also available from PI. This results in improved heat dissipation, allowing for higher nominal forces. In addition, the sealing compound ensures that the motor is protected from external damage, e.g., during assembly.
For special applications that require high velocities or fast current rise times, PI can design motors for very high operating voltages up to 600 VDC. In this regard, linear motors benefit from the same effect that was previously described for voice coil motors. Standard industrial high-voltage servo amplifiers are available to drive these motors.
Halbach Arrays
PI can customize the length of the magnetic tracks for OEM positioning systems. Single-sided or U-shaped magnetic tracks are available. U-shaped magnetic tracks achieve higher magnetic field strengths and higher forces than single-sided magnetic tracks. If the magnets are arranged in a Halbach array, the magnetic field strength can be increased by about 10% compared to a North / South Pole arrangement. In addition, the iron counter plate can be omitted in a Halbach array, making these magnetic tracks significantly lighter (Fig 8). The advantages of using a Halbach array also apply to single-sided magnetic tracks. In this case, the use of Halbach arrays avoids the generation of high stray fields on the back of the single-sided magnetic track. PI can provide carbon supports for applications that require ultra-light magnetic tracks.
2.2.1. Iron-Core Linear Motors
Iron-core linear motors are suitable for applications requiring high forces and accelerations with limited installation space. The iron maximizes the magnetic forces and contributes to high thermal stability. To reduce eddy current losses, the iron is laminated and it is mostly made of stacked and insulated transformer plates. The disadvantage of iron-core motors is the attraction force that arises between the iron and the magnets arranged on the opposite side. This is increased further still if a steel linear guide is used. “Cogging” is also a problem since the displacement force varies over the travel range – while this can be minimized by means of special geometries, it cannot be completely eliminated but advanced control algorithms can make it negligible for most applications. An example of an iron-core linear motor is shown in Figure 9.
Ironless and iron-core linear motors are available. For example, motors of both types are used in the V-508 linear stage series. An example of a linear stage of this series is shown in Figure 8.
The sealed motor shown in Figure 10 is an example of a proprietary linear iron-core motor developed by PI.
To ensure a constant force, the linear motors are designed to reach a specified maximum speed. This is shown in Figure 11 with the example of an iron-core linear motor. In addition to other parameters, the maximum speed also depends on the motor voltage provided.
Fig. 11 Force-speed diagram of an iron-core linear motor 2.2.2. Ironless Linear Motors
Ironless linear motors are suitable for positioning tasks with the highest demands on precision, linearity, and speed stability because they are not affected by cogging. They are also suitable for the smallest installation spaces thanks to their particularly flat design. Power and dynamics requirements can be met by increasing the number or dimension of the motor coils.
In most cases, ironless motors achieve lower nominal and peak forces than iron-core motors. This is due to the lack of thermally conductive metals in the design and the resulting limited heat dissipation from the coils. However, the motors can be protected against overload by means of additional temperature sensors. An example of an ironless linear motor is shown in Figure 12.
The flat motor with a U-shaped magnetic track, shown in Figure 13, is an example of a proprietary ironless linear motor developed by PI.
2.3. Torque Motors
Torque motors are often used in rotation stages for precision positioning and automation applications. Rotation stages based on direct drive torque motors exhibit zero play and backlash unlike worm-gear driven stages. When combined with frictionless air bearings, they provide virtually unlimited service life (Figure 14a). A torque motor is basically a radially designed 3-phase linear motor. In an alternative design, the rotor can also be represented as a rolled-up, single-sided magnetic track, while the stator houses the coils which are embedded in an iron matrix. An example of a custom torque motor developed by PI is shown in Figure 14b.
Fig. 14a A-637 Low profile air bearing rotary stage driven by torque motor While the magnet length scales linearly, the torque scales quadratically with the diameter. Larger diameters provide more torque and allow for larger apertures that can be used for the passage of laser beams or cables.
In precision positioning, torque motors are mainly used for direct drive rotation stages. Such a rotation stage is shown in Figure 15a, stacked on a hexapod. This example shows an extremely flat, highly dynamic, and stable torque motor rotation stage with a very large aperture. The common aperture of the rotation stage and the hexapod can be used, e.g., as a feedthrough.
Fig 15a and 15b show examples of custom 7-axis positioning systems – direct-drive rotary stages mounted on top of 6-axis hexapod stages to add 360 degree rotation capability for alignment and precision automation applications.
Fig. 15b V-610 compact PIMag® torque motor rotary stage stacked on an H-811 hexapod to extend the rotation range for use in highly automated production systems 3. Summary
With the in-house expertise to develop proprietary motors and with the core technologies needed for a complete positioning solution, such as sensors, guides, and motion controllers, PI offers its customers competitive solutions with performance characteristics that are optimally adapted to the requirements of the application. Figure 17, for example, shows an application that combines different motor types. The multi-axis setup for autofocus applications shown consists of an X and a Z axis. The X axis, for example, holds a workpiece that is to be machined on a V-508 linear stage. As a supplement to the commonly used piezoceramic drives, the voice coil Z axis enables long travel ranges up to several millimeters. This is important, among other things, for laser material processing. Travel ranges of 1 to 7 mm are typically also required for multiphoton fluorescence microscopy and deep tissue microscopy. Furthermore, voice coils offer particularly high maximum speeds which can, for example, be used to increase throughput when using “scanning-on-the-fly mode” in digital slide scanning processes.
Fig. 17 Fast autofocus demonstrator with voice coil Z axis stage and 3-phase linear motor on the X axis However, thanks to PI's vertical range of manufacturing and technological range, PI is the ideal partner even when customers only require one single component of a positioning solution.
Authors:
Dr. Nico Bolse is Product Manager for PIMag® magnetic drives and motorized precision positioning systems at PI’s headquarters in Karlsruhe, Germany. Stefan Vorndran is VP of Marketing at PI USA.Blog Categories
- Aero-Space
- Air Bearing Stages, Components, Systems
- Astronomy
- Automation, Nano-Automation
- Beamline Instrumentation
- Bio-Medical
- Hexapods
- Imaging & Microscopy
- Laser Machining, Processing
- Linear Actuators
- Linear Motor, Positioning System
- Metrology
- Microscopy
- Motorized Precision Positioners
- Multi-Axis Motion
- Nanopositioning
- Photonics
- Piezo Actuators, Motors
- Piezo Mechanics
- Piezo Transducers / Sensors
- Precision Machining
- Software Tools
- UHV Positioning Stage
- Voice Coil Linear Actuator
- X-Ray Spectroscopy
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