that no force has to be generated during displacement. After the corresponding voltage has been applied, the displacement is measured. Blocking force The blocking force F max is the maximum force generated [...] back to the initial position with an increasing external force. The force required for this is the blocking force. Fig. 3: Working graph of a PICMA® stack actuator with unipolar operation at different voltage [...] possible to attain any displacement/force point on and below the nominal voltage curve, with a corresponding load and drive. k A Actuator stiffness F max Blocking force ΔL 0 Nominal displacement ΔL Displacement

displacement W 0 . The force required to reduce the free displacement to zero is the blocking force F BW of the free transducer. This force F BW is considerably less than the blocking force F B of the free [...] parameters: the blocking force F B and the free displacement S 0 . If the unimpeded (free) actuator is controlled with a voltage U , it reaches its maximum displacement S 0 . The force required to push [...] parameters. To evaluate the free strain W 0 and the blocking force F BW , charts can be used which show, for example, the achievable displacements and forces as a function of the thickness and stiffness of

achieving 100 percent microscopic testing in the industrial environment. Learn more Atomic Force Microscopy Atomic force microscopy supplies researchers and developers extremely high resolution topographical [...] expanding our knowledge about what holds the world together at its core, about what the building blocks of life look like. In life sciences, materials research, geology, archeology, mineralogy... again [...] spectrum ranges from standard microscopes through the most modern superresolution microscopes to atomic force, X-ray, and particle beam microscopes. In fact, many of these technologies were only realized thanks

efficiency and the force generation. With piezoelectric bending actuators, displacements of up to several millimeters can be achieved with response times in the millisecond range. The blocking forces, however, [...] They achieve nominal displacements of around 0.1 to 0.15 % of the actuator length. The nominal blocking forces are in the order of 30 N/mm 2 , relative to the cross-sectional area of the actuator. Values [...] resonant frequencies. A mechanical preloading of the actuator suppresses dynamically induced tensile forces in brittle ceramic material, allowing response times in the microsecond range and a high mechanical

of the telescope, an individual drive has to move or hold loads between 463 N pulling force and 1050 N pushing force. Winds or an earthquake can cause these loads to be exceeded considerably, but the drives [...] conditions. Electronics Design and Controller Structure The drive electronics consist of two function blocks: The commutation electronics for the motor, the interpolation, and the limit switches are located [...] encoder lines to prevent signal interference. A single cable connects the drive to the second function block and the external electronics, which control the motor, piezo, and encoder. The main controller has

holding force, 20nm step size M-230 High-Resolution Linear Actuator. 10-25mm travel, 30N force, 0.05µm step size, stepper & servo motors L-220 High-Resolution Linear Actuator, 13-77mm travel, 125N force, 0 [...] lead times, and volume discounts are offered for OEMs. This selection features the core building blocks for achieving sub-micron and nanometer-level motion in research, automation, and advanced manufacturing [...] stepper & servo motors M-235 High-Resolution Linear Actuator, 30mm/s velocity, 20-50mm travel, 120N force, 0.1µm step size, stepper & servo motors FAQs Fast Focus Stages for Metrology, Microscopy (Piezo and

Rounded Top Pieces to Decouple Bending Forces PICMA® Piezo Stack Integrated into a Flexure Actuator Assembly Piezo Bender (bimorph) Actuator Assembly; Mounting Block and Position Feedback Sensors Piezo Tube [...] technology, flow measurement, and medical applications such as air bubble detection. Other examples are force and acceleration measurement. Tech Articles & Applications: Piezo Transducers in A380 Airbus Value [...] shapes and geometries, even stacks with aperture are available in multilayer configuration. For high force applications classical actuators made from layers of bulk material are available, in stacked or bimorph

functional components layer-for-layer with tiny plastic droplets. Piezo actuators are the driving force and therefore play an important role in producing tiny droplets. Fields of Application Medical Implants [...] of their all-ceramic insulation. The ceramic insulation layer protects the monolithic piezoceramic block against humidity, and failure due to increased leakage current, and therefore achieves high motion

Piezo Amplifiers The characteristic properties of piezo actuators include the generation of large forces and fast response. In electrical terms a piezo element corresponds to a capacitance. A rapid change [...] during tool adjustment in milling and cutting machines. The actuators employed here operate with high forces and high dynamics and generally have a high electrical capacitance. As regards actuator control, [...] systems from PI can achieve a repeatability down to the subnanometer range and bandwidths to 10 kHz. Block diagram of a typical closed-loop piezo controller Controller Tuning / Calibration To optimize system

lifetime Low operating voltage <150 V High dynamics Response times in the range of a few µs High force generation Minimum power consumption When holding the position In the case of PICMA® piezo actuators [...] layer against humidity and failure due to increased leakage current. The monolithic piezo ceramic block of a PICMA® actuator achieves excellent reliability, even under extreme ambient conditions, and thus [...] piezo ceramic are sintered together (cofiring technology) resulting in a monolithic piezoceramic block. The inorganic, ceramic insulation layer prevents the penetration of water molecules and thus extends