Force and Displacement The generation of force or displacement in the piezo actuator can best be understood from the working graph (fig. 3). Each curve is determined by two values, the nominal displacement and the blocking force.   Nominal Displacement

The actuator characteristics of piezoceramic transducers are primarily described by means of two parameters: the blocking force F B and the free displacement S 0 . If the unimpeded (free) actuator is controlled with a voltage U , it reaches its maximum displacement S 0 . The force required to

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). Longitudinal stack actuators are highly efficient in converting electrical to mechanical energy. They achieve nominal displacements of around 0.1 to 0.15 % of the actuator length. The nominal blocking forces are in the order of 30 N/mm 2 , relative to the cross-sectional area of the actuator. Values of up to